Transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Opportunities for a bimodal approach in human neuroscience

• TMS and MRS reveal complementary comprehensive information on neurotransmission. TMS-MRS combinations can uncover healthy pathological brain functionality. Repetitive modulate metabolite levels. may probe connectivity dedicated network interactions. Over the last decade, there has been an increasing number of studies combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) resonance spectroscopy (MRS). provides a manner to non-invasively investigate molecular concentrations in living thus identify metabolites involved physiological processes. Particularly MRS-detectable glutamate, major excitatory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), inhibitory are interest when MRS. is non-invasive technique that be applied either as neuromodulation or neurostimulation tool, specifically targeting glutamatergic GABAergic mechanisms. The combination used evaluate alterations levels following interventional protocol such repetitive (rTMS) paired associative (PAS). also combined with variety non-interventional protocols interplay between measures excitability receptor-mediated inhibition facilitation. In this review, we provide overview performed patient populations TMS, both measurement tool intervention. Potentially, changes interactions probed using approach. Considering ongoing technical developments fields, hold future promise for investigations